Prevalencia de mancha blanca en dentición temporaria en el Hospital de Odontología Infantil Don Benito Quinquela Martín / Prevalence of white spot in temporary dentition at Don Benito Quinquela Martin Children's Dentistry Hospital

Introducción: La caries dental es una enfermedad infecciosa y multifactorial, que co- mienza por una desmineralización del esmalte producida por la acción de ácidos generados por bacterias presentes en el biofilm dental. Estas lesiones se inician como manchas blancas (MB) y es el único estadio de la caries dental capaz de ser revertido mediante la aplicación profesional de agentes remineralizantes, por lo que es fundamental la detección y tratamiento temprano de las mismas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de manchas blancas en la dentición temporaria de los niños atendidos en el Servicio de Clínica y Orientación del Hospital de Odontología Infantil (HOI) «Don Benito Quinquela Martín¼. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó una muestra de 94 niños con dentición temporaria, en el Servicio de Clínica y Orientación del HOI, teniendo en cuenta los ingresos y reingresos, durante el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Resultados: La prevalencia de manchas blancas de un total de 94 niños evaluados fue del 55 %. De los pacientes que presentaron MB, el 59 % fue de sexo masculino y el 41 % de sexo femenino. La media de edad fue de 4.77 años. De los pacientes atendidos, 73 concurrieron por primera vez y 21 pacientes fueron reingresos. Conclusión: La prevalencia de manchas blancas en la muestra evaluada de niños atendidos en el Servicio de Clínica y Orientación del HOI fue del 55 %. Este resultado sugiere la necesidad de continuar y potenciar la promoción de la salud bucal, no solo como herramienta estratégica para brindar conocimientos acerca de los beneficios de una correcta higiene oral y una dieta saludable, sino también como factor de prevención en cuanto a la aparición de lesiones de caries y posteriores consecuencias adversas (AU)

Introduction: Dental caries is an infectious and multifactorial disease that begins with the demineralization of the enamel produced by the action of acids generated by bacteria in the dental biofilm. These lesions start as white spots (WS), and it's the only stage of dental caries capable of being reverted by the professional application of remineralizing agents. Hence, its early detection and treatment are essential. Objective: To determine the prevalence of white spots in the temporary dentition of children treated at the Clinical and Orientation Service of "Don Benito Quinquela Martin" Children's Dentistry Hospital (CDH). Materials and methods: A sample of 94 children with temporary dentition was evaluated on admission and readmission at CDH's Clinical and Orientation Service between September 2019 and February 2020. Results: The prevalence of WS in 94 children evaluated was 55%: 59% of patients who presented WS were males, and 41% were females. The mean age was 4.77 years. Seventy-three patients seen attended for the first time, and the other 21 were readmissions. Conclusion: The prevalence of WS in children who attended CDH's Clinical and Orientation Service was relevant. This result indicates that we must continue and enhance oral health promotion as a strategy to give knowledge about good oral hygiene benefits, a healthy diet, and to prevent the appearance of caries lesions and subsequent consequences (AU)

Ammonia gas for bacterial control in poultry litter

ABSTRACT: The current techniques used in the disinfection of reused poultry litter, such as lime addition, windrowing and plastic cover on the surface, do not guarantee the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, causing damage to the environment and animal health. Gram negative bacteria, i.e., Salmonella and Escherichia coli, can be transmitted from one batch to another through reused litter, causing health damage to broilers and humans that consume food contaminated by these agents. Our study assessed the effectiveness of the methods plastic cover on the surface (PCS) and plastic cover on the surface with ammonia gas injection (PCSAI) in the control of Gram negative bacteria. The results obtained, both in laboratory conditions (Experiment 1) and in the field (Experiment 2), demonstrate that the method PCSAI with 0.22% ammonia gas had a significant reduction (P 0.05) of Gram negative bacteria in the period of 48 hours This new methodology for disinfecting poultry litter will allow its reuse in a practical and safe way, improving the preservation of the environment, of the health of broilers and consumers of poultry products.

RESUMO: O reaproveitamento de camas aviárias na criação de frangos de corte é uma prática muito utilizada no Brasil. Essa prática reduz custos de produção e contribui na conservação do meio ambiente. As técnicas atuais utilizadas na desinfecção de camas aviárias reaproveitadas, como adição de cal, enleiramento e lona na superfície, não garantem a eliminação de microrganismos patogênicos porque não geram quantidade suficiente de amônia. O gás amônia, em concentrações elevadas, tem efeito biocida. Bactérias Gram negativas, como as Salmonelas e Escherichia coli, podem ser transmitidas de um lote para outro através do reaproveitamento da cama, ocasionando prejuízos para a saúde das aves e dos humanos que consomem alimentos contaminados por estes agentes. Este trabalho avaliou a eficácia do método lona na superfície com injeção de gás amônia no controle de microrganismos Gram negativos. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que esse método controlou os microrganismos Gram negativos num período de 48 horas em camas de frangos de corte reaproveitadas. Assim, essa nova metodologia de desinfecção de camas de aviário permitirá sua reutilização de forma prática e segura, melhorando a saúde das aves e dos consumidores dos produtos avícolas.

Ammonia gas for bacterial control in poultry litter / Gás amônia para controle bacteriano em cama aviária

The current techniques used in the disinfection of reused poultry litter, such as lime addition, windrowing and plastic cover on the surface, do not guarantee the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, causing damage to the environment and animal health. Gram negative bacteria, i.e., Salmonella and Escherichia coli, can be transmitted from one batch to another through reused litter, causing health damage to broilers and humans that consume food contaminated by these agents. Our study assessed the effectiveness of the methods plastic cover on the surface (PCS) and plastic cover on the surface with ammonia gas injection (PCSAI) in the control of Gram negative bacteria. The results obtained, both in laboratory conditions (Experiment 1) and in the field (Experiment 2), demonstrate that the method PCSAI with 0.22% ammonia gas had a significant reduction (P<0.05) of Gram negative bacteria in the period of 48 hours This new methodology for disinfecting poultry litter will allow its reuse in a practical and safe way, improving the preservation of the environment, of the health of broilers and consumers of poultry products.

O reaproveitamento de camas aviárias na criação de frangos de corte é uma prática muito utilizada no Brasil. Essa prática reduz custos de produção e contribui na conservação do meio ambiente. As técnicas atuais utilizadas na desinfecção de camas aviárias reaproveitadas, como adição de cal, enleiramento e lona na superfície, não garantem a eliminação de microrganismos patogênicos porque não geram quantidade suficiente de amônia. O gás amônia, em concentrações elevadas, tem efeito biocida. Bactérias Gram negativas, como as Salmonelas e Escherichia coli, podem ser transmitidas de um lote para outro através do reaproveitamento da cama, ocasionando prejuízos para a saúde das aves e dos humanos que consomem alimentos contaminados por estes agentes. Este trabalho avaliou a eficácia do método lona na superfície com injeção de gás amônia no controle de microrganismos Gram negativos. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que esse método controlou os microrganismos Gram negativos num período de 48 horas em camas de frangos de corte reaproveitadas. Assim, essa nova metodologia de desinfecção de camas de aviário permitirá sua reutilização de forma prática e segura, melhorando a saúde das aves e dos consumidores dos produtos avícolas.

Uso de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad peruana / Use of energy drinks and insomnia symptoms in medical students from a Peruvian university

OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad en Lima, Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: El tipo de estudio realizado es transversal analítico. La población objetivo fueron los estudiantes de medicina de una universidad peruana ubicada en Lima sur de segundo y quinto año. Hubo 289 participantes en el estudio. Se utilizó una encuesta compuesta por un cuestionario sobre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y el Insomnia Severity Index, del cual se determinó un punto de corte de 15 para considerar la presencia de síntomas de insomnio. El análisis multivariado crudo y ajustado se realizó usando la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta ajustado para sexo, edad, consumo de café, y antecedente de ansiedad y depresión, para obtener el PR (Razón de Prevalencias) con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio en la muestra estudiada fue de 21,80%, mientras que la de consumo de bebidas energizantes fue de 39,45%. Se encontró asociación significativa (p=0,008) entre el consumo de este tipo de bebidas y la presencia de síntomas de insomnio. Además, se encontró que los estudiantes que consumen bebidas energizantes tuvieron 1,78 veces más probabilidad de presentar síntomas de insomnio (IC95%: 1,13-2,82), en comparación con los que no consumieron bebidas energizantes (p=0,013). CONCLUSIONES: Existe asociación entre el consumo de bebidas energizantes y síntomas de insomnio.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between the consumption of energy drinks and symptoms of insomnia in medical students of a university in Lima, Peru. Materials and METHODS: This study is cross-sectional analytical. The target population was the second-and fifth-year medical students of a private Peruvian university in southern Lima. There were 289 participants in this study. For this study, a survey composed of a questionnaire about the consumption of energy drinks and the Insomnia Severity Index were used, from which a cut-off point of 15 was determined to consider the presence of insomnia symptoms. The multivariate crude and adjusted analysis were done with Poisson regression with robust variance adjusted for sex, age, coffee consumption, previous diagnosis of depression and previous diagnosis of anxiety; to calculate the PR (Prevalence Ratio) with a 95% CI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence of insomnia symptoms in the sample studied was 21,80%, while the consumption of energy drinks was 39,45%. A significant association was found (p = 0.008) between the consumption of this type of drinks and the presence of insomnia symptoms. In addition, it was found that students who consumed energy drinks were 1,78 times more likely to have symptoms of insomnia (95% CI: 1,13-2,82), compared to those who did not consume energy drinks (p=<0,013). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between the consumption of energy drinks and symptoms of insomnia.

Frequency of parasitic forms in fecal samples of maned wolf in different seasons of the year at the Serra da Canastra National Park, Minas Gerais State, Brazil / [Frequência de formas parasitárias em massas fecais de lobos-guarás em diferentes estações do ano no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, MG]

O Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (PNSC), localizado no estado de Minas Gerais, é um importante habitat de inúmeras espécies de animais ameaçados de extinção, como o lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Parasitos de animais selvagens podem representar um problema para os programas de manejo e recuperação de espécies ameaçadas, pois atuam como causa primária ou agravante de inúmeras doenças. Dependendo da época do ano, a suscetibilidade ao parasitismo pode ser maior devido à facilidade de infecção. Com o objetivo de avaliar a frequência de endoparasitos e a sazonalidade dessas parasitoses em diferentes épocas do ano, foram examinadas 103 amostras fecais de lobos-guarás, coletadas no PNSC, durante o período de março de 2017 a agosto de 2019. O número de amostras positivas para pelo menos uma espécie de parasito foi de 47 amostras (45,63%), sendo o outono a estação em que foi encontrada a maior frequência de formas parasitárias, com 60,86% (14/23) de amostras positivas, seguido do inverno, com 52,38% (11/21), verão com 37,5% (15/40), e primavera com 36,84% (7/19). Dentre os parasitos encontrados, Capillaria sp. apresentou a maior frequência, sendo encontrado em 23 amostras (22,33%), seguido de trematódeos, em 15 amostras (14,56%), acantocéfalos, ascarídeos, Trichuris sp. e Ancylostoma sp., em cinco amostras (4,85%), nematoides da superfamília Strongyloidea, Lynxacarus sp., em duas amostras (1,94%), e pentastomídeos em uma amostra (0,97%).(AU)

Missed Tillaux Fracture and Syndesmosis Injury in Adult: Arthroscopic Assisted Reduction and Fixation / Fratura de Tillaux não percebida e lesão por sindesmose em adultos: Redução e fixação artroscópica assistida

Abstract Tillaux fractures are fractures of the lateral margin of the distal tibia, usually reported in children between 12 and 14 years old. As intraarticular fractures, they require anatomic reduction and fixation to avoid posttraumatic complications. Since the injury mechanism is external rotation of the foot on the leg, these injuries are commonly associated with other fractures or ligamentous lesions. Currently, arthroscopy is being increasingly used to assist and improve surgical treatment of ankle fractures. The authors describe a 12-month follow-up of a rare case of a missed Tillaux fracture associated with syndesmosis injury in a 76-year-old polytrauma patient, successfully treated by arthroscopically-assisted reduction and internal fixation.

Resumo As fraturas de Tillaux são fraturas da margem lateral da tíbia distal, geralmente relatadas em crianças entre 12 e 14 anos. Como fraturas intra-articulares, requerem redução e fixação anatômica para evitar complicações pós-traumáticas. Como o mecanismo de lesão é a rotação externa do pé na perna, essas lesões são comumente associadas a outras fraturas ou lesões ligamentares. Atualmente, a artroscopia está sendo cada vez mais utilizada para auxiliar e melhorar o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas do tornozelo. Os autores descrevem um acompanhamento de 12 meses de um caso raro de uma fratura não percebida de Tillaux associada a lesão por sindesmose em um paciente de politrauma com 76 anos de idade, tratado com sucesso por redução e fixação interna assistida por artroscopia.

Environmental influence on the reproductive strategy of Helogenes marmoratus (Siluriformes: Cetopsidae) in the Amazonian streams

RESUMEN La estrategia reproductiva de una especie debe ajustarse a las variaciones de las condiciones ambientales para garantizar el equilibrio poblacional. En los riachos amazónicos de tierra firme las fluctuaciones hidrológicas están controladas principalmente por las lluvias locales, predominando especies de peces de pequeño porte. Investigamos la estrategia reproductiva de Helogenes marmoratus y la influencia de variables ambientales (e.g., lluvia, conductividad, descriptores del hábitat) en su actividad reproductiva. Colectamos mensualmente entre marzo de 2019 y marzo de 2020 en una microcuenca del río Guamá, en la Amazonia oriental brasileña. Identificamos un período reproductivo prolongado entre julio de 2019 y marzo de 2020. Los machos comienzan a reproducirse con un menor tamaño ( = 27.41; = 31.36 mm). Confirmamos desove parcial, baja fecundidad (59.55 ± 22.76 ovócitos) y ovócitos grandes (1.24 ± 0.15 mm). La estrategia reproductiva de H. marmoratus ocupa un lugar intermedio entre el gradiente oportunista y de equilibrio. Regresiones múltiples destacan la importancia de la profundidad, la conductividad eléctrica, los bancos de hojas y la lluvia como reguladores de la actividad reproductiva de las hembras, explicando 32% de la variación del IGS. Nuestro estudio proporciona evidencia de una respuesta reproductiva diferenciada entre los sexos a las variables ambientales.

ABSTRACT The reproductive strategy of a species must be adjusted to variations in environmental conditions to guarantee population balance. Hydrological fluctuations in Amazonian streams of terra firme (non-flooded) are controlled primarily by local rainfall. Fish assemblages are composed predominantly of species of small size. We investigated the reproductive strategy of the cryptic catfish Helogenes marmoratus and assessed the influence of environmental variables (e.g., rainfall, conductivity, habitat descriptors) on its reproductive activity in a catchment of the Guamá River in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Through monthly collections between March 2019 and March 2020, we identified an extended reproductive period between July 2019 and March 2020. Males mature at smaller sizes than females ( = 27.41 mm; = 31.36 mm). We confirmed batch spawning, low fecundity (59.55 ± 22.76 stage IV oocytes), and large oocytes (1.24 ± 0.15 mm). Our results indicated that H. marmoratus strategy occupies an intermediate place between opportunistic and equilibrium gradient. Multiple regressions showed that thalweg depth, electrical conductivity, leaf litter, and rainfall are important drivers of reproductive activity of females of H. marmoratus, explaining 32% of the variation of the GSI. Our study provides evidence of differentiated reproductive response between the sexes to environmental variables.

The heterogeneic distribution of Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island reflects different pathologies in multiracial Malaysian population

ABSTRACT Background: Helicobacter pylori harbouring cag-pathogenicity island (cagPAI) which encodes type IV secretion system (T4SS) and cagA virulence gene are involved in inflammation of the gastric mucosa. We examined all the 27 cagPAI genes in 88 H. pylori isolates from patients of different ethnicities and examined the association of the intactness of cagPAI region with histopathological scores of the gastric mucosa. Results: 96.6% (n = 85) of H. pylori isolates were cagPAI-positive with 22.4% (19/85) having an intact cagPAI, whereas 77.6% (66/85) had a partial/rearranged cagPAI. The frequency of cag2 and cag14 were found to be significantly higher in H. pylori isolated from Malays, whereas cag4 was predominantly found in Chinese isolates. The cag24 was significantly found in higher proportions in Malay and Indian isolates than in Chinese isolates. The intactness of cagPAI region showed an association with histopathological scores of the gastric mucosa. Significant association was observed between H. pylori harbouring partial cagPAI with higher density of bacteria and neutrophil activity, whereas strains lacking cagPAI were associated with higher inflammatory score. Conclusions: The genotypes of H. pylori strains with various cagPAI rearrangement associated with patients' ethnicities and histopathological scores might contribute to the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in a multi-ethnic population.

Microbiota oral e retal de calitriquídeos (Callithrix sp) em área antropizada de Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / [Oral and rectal microbiota of callitrichids (Callithrix sp) in an anthropized area of the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]

A proximidade dos primatas não humanos (PNH) com o ser humano pode ser considerada um fator de risco para transmissão de bactérias entre essas duas populações. Neste estudo, foi investigada a microbiota anfibiôntica aeróbica oral e retal de calitriquídeos em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica localizado no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, e foram realizados testes fenotípicos para detecção de bactérias multirresistentes nos isolados encontrados. Foram capturados 14 calitriquídeos e coletadas 21 amostras (14 de cavidade oral e sete de cavidade retal) em dois pontos da mata próximos às habitações humanas. As espécies mais frequentes, na cavidade oral, foram Klebsiella oxytoca (50,0%), K. pneumoniae (28,6%), Kluyvera ascorbata (21,4%) e Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (21,4%) e, na cavidade retal, K. pneumoniae (85,7%), Escherichia coli (28,6%) e Enterobacter spp. (42,9%). Todos os 48 isolados da família Enterobacteriaceae foram negativos para ESBL (betalactamase de espectro ampliado), mostrando-se não produtores da enzima nos dois métodos utilizados: disco-aproximação e método de detecção automatizado. Na pesquisa de ERC (enterobactérias resistentes a carbapenêmicos), esses mesmos isolados não apresentaram resistência aos antibióticos imipenem, meropenem e ertapenem. Todas as bactérias isoladas apresentam um potencial zoonótico, o que representa um risco à saúde pública e à conservação das espécies.(AU)

Proximity of nonhuman primates (NHP) to humans can be considered a risk factor for transmission of pathogens between these two populations. This study investigated the oral and rectal aerobic bacterial microbiota of marmosets in an anthropized area of the Atlantic Forest located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and performed phenotypic tests for detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Twenty-one samples (14 from the oral cavity and seven from the rectum) were collected from 14 Callithrix sp. captured in two sites of the forest near human dwellings. The most frequent species identified from the oral cavity swabs were Klebsiella oxytoca (50.0%), K. pneumoniae (28.6%), Kluyvera ascorbata (21.4%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (21.4%), whereas the species most commonly identified from the rectum swabs were K. pneumoniae (85.7%), Enterobacter spp. (42.9%) and Escherichia coli (28.6%). All isolates of family Enterobacteriaceae showed no extended spectrum ß-lactamase production by disk-diffusion and automated detection tests. In the search for carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae these isolates presented no resistance to the imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem antibiotics. The isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to oxacillin and the isolate of Enterococcus was susceptible to vancomycin. All isolated bacteria showed zoonotic potential, thus posing a risk to species conservation and public health.(AU)

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the universal Portuguese-version of the Pediatric Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue (pedsFACIT-F) / Adaptação transcultural e validação da versão portuguesa universal da Escala Avaliação Funcional Pediátrica de Terapia de Doença Crônica - Fadiga (pedsFACIT-F)

Abstract Objective: To cross-culturally adapt and validate the universal Portuguese version of the Pediatric Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue (pedsFACIT-F). Method: The universal Portuguese version of the pedsFACIT-F was cross-culturally adapted and validated in 323 children and adolescents aged 8-18 years, 173 healthy individuals, and 150 with chronic diseases (cancer, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and diabetes). Reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability) was assessed. Item response theory model assumptions were evaluated using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Items were calibrated using a graded response model. Differential item functioning was assessed regarding age, gender, and clinical condition (healthy vs. chronic diseases). Results: No major cultural adaptations were needed. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92) were good. CFA (CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.097) and CFE analysis confirmed sufficient unidimensionality. The data also fit the GRM and demonstrated good coverage of the fatigue construct (threshold parameters range: -1.42 to 4.56). No items demonstrated significant differential item functioning. Conclusion: The universal Portuguese version of the pedsFACIT-F provides a reliable, precise, and valid measure after being assessed by robust psychometric properties. Stability of the measurement properties of the pedsFACIT-F scale allows its use to assess fatigue in clinical research in Portuguese-speaking children and adolescents.

Resumo Objetivo: Adaptar transculturalmente e validar a versão portuguesa universal da escala Avaliação Funcional Pediátrica de Terapia de Doença Crônica - Fadiga (pedsFACIT-F). Método: A versão traduzida para o português universal e adaptada transculturalmente da escala pedsFACIT-F foi validada em 323 crianças (entre 8 e 18 anos), 173 saudáveis e 150 com doenças crônicas (câncer, artrite idiopática juvenil e diabetes). A confiabilidade foi avaliada pela consistência interna e confiabilidade teste-reteste. Os pressupostos do modelo da teoria da resposta ao item foram avaliados por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória e exploratória. Os itens foram calibrados segundo modelo de resposta gradual. O funcionamento diferencial do item foi examinado com respeito à idade, ao gênero e à condição de saúde (saudáveis versus doenças crônicas). Resultados: A adaptação cultural não apresentou dificuldades substantivas. A confiabilidade da consistência interna (alfa-Cronbach = 0,84) e do teste-reteste (correlação intraclasse = 0,92) foram adequadas. As análises da AFC (CFI = 0,92, TLI = 0,90, RMSEA = 0,097) e AFE confirmaram suficiente unidimensionalidade. O estudo de calibração demostrou bom ajuste do MRG e boa cobertura do construto fadiga (variação dos limiares das categorias de resposta: -1,42 a 4,56). Não foi verificada presença de funcionamento diferencial do item significante. Conclusão: A versão portuguesa universal da escala pedsFACIT-F é uma medida confiável, precisa e válida, verificada após análises de propriedades psicométricas robustas. A estabilidade das propriedades de medida da escala permite seu uso para avaliação de fadiga em estudos clínicos com crianças e adolescentes em países lusófonos.

Use of Antibiotics in early Childhood and Dental Enamel Defects in 6- to 12-year-old Children in Primary Health Care / Uso de antibióticos na primeira infância e defeitos de esmalte dentário em crianças de 6 a 12 anos na Atenção Primária à Saúde

ABSTRACT Dental enamel defects (DED) are lesions that occur due several factors. Proper care is needed to promote their treatment and prevention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of DED in permanent teeth of children who used antimicrobial drugs in the first four years of life. This is a crosssectional study carried out in a Primary Health Care (PHC) service, which included children from six to 12 years of age. DED were evaluated by oral examination, and data on the use of antimicrobials in early childhood were collected based on medical records. Data were analyzed with the chisquare test and Fisher's exact test. The sample included 144 children. In relation to DED, 50% (72) and 20.1% (29) presented opacity and hypoplasia, respectively. Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed drug, followed by sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim. Among the children, 78.5% (113) were prescribed antimicrobial drugs at least once during the first 4 years of life, and 55% (79) of them presented some type of DED. There was no statistically significant association between the variables analyzed. In conclusion, there was high prevalence of children with DED, and amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic.

RESUMO Os defeitos do esmalte dentário (DED) são lesões que ocorrem devido a vários fatores e é necessária atenção para promover seu tratamento e prevenção. O objetivo foi avaliar a ocorrência de DED em dentes permanentes de crianças que usaram antimicrobianos nos primeiros quatro anos de vida. Tratase de um estudo transversal realizado em um serviço de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), que incluiu crianças de seis a 12 anos de idade. A DED foi avaliada por dados de exames bucais, e os dados sobre o uso de antimicrobiano na primeira infância foram coletados com base em prontuários médicos. A análise foi realizada com o teste do quiquadrado e o teste exato de Fisher. A amostra foi composta por 144 crianças. Em relação ao DED, 50%(72) e 20,1%(29) apresentaram opacidade e hipoplasia, respectivamente. A amoxicilina foi o medicamento prescrito com mais freqüência, seguido pelo sulfametoxazol+ trimetoprim. Entre as crianças, 78,5%(113) receberam medica mentos antimicrobianos pelo menos uma vez nos primeiros 4 anos de vida e 55%(79) deles apresentaram algum tipo de DED. Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre as variáveis analisadas. Em conclusão, houve uma alta prevalência de crianças com DED e a amoxicilina foi o antibiótico mais comumente prescrito.

Rapid assessment of the ichthyofauna of the southern Guiana Shield tributaries of the Amazonas River in Pará, Brazil

The Northern Pará Drainage System encompasses the left-bank tributaries of the Amazonas River in the southern Guiana Shield region of Pará state, Brazil. Five of the region's state protected areas are considered strategic for the conservation of its biodiversity. In the present study, we assessed the ichthyofauna of the five state protected areas of the Northern Pará Drainage System. Seven expeditions were conducted between January 2008 and January 2009, which surveyed stretches of the Cuminá, Cuminapanema, Curuá, Jari, Mapuera, Nhamundá, and Paru rivers. These surveys yielded 286 species belonging to 38 families and eight orders, including seven new records of fish species for Brazil, six of which are also new records for the Amazon basin. Our results provide a valuable database for future research and conservation programs in the protected areas of the region. (AU)

Does soil color affect fish evolution? Differences in color change rate between lineages of the sailfin tetra

Several organisms match their skin color to the prevalent background color, granting crypsis against predators. The rate at which body color changes occur varies among organisms as a result of physiological constraints and adaptation to variation in contrasts between objects and the environmental background. Faster darkening of body color is favored in environments that show higher amounts of contrast between common objects and the prevailing background. Soil types in Amazon forest streams (igarapés) create distinct environments with respect to the amount of contrast, a result of the amount of sand and clay, which offers different contrasts against dead leaves. Here, we investigated differences in the rates of color change among populations of the sailfin tetra (Crenuchus spilurus) that represent lineages that live in regions of different soil types. Populations inserted into blackwaters (sandy soil) showed higher rates of color darkening in response to exposure to a dark environment composed by dead leaves. We propose that natural selection stemming from predation can favor faster color change rate in environments where there is higher variability of contrasts between leaf litter and soil, which is common in most blackwater streams.(AU)

Diversos organismos combinam sua coloração corporal com a cor de fundo predominante no ambiente, conferindo cripticidade contra predadores. A taxa na qual as mudanças de coloração corpórea ocorrem varia entre os organismos como resultado de restrições fisiológicas e adaptação à variação de contrastes entre objetos e o ambiente. O escurecimento mais rápido da cor do corpo é favorecido em ambientes que mostram maiores quantidades de contraste entre objetos comuns e o fundo predominante. Tipos de solo em igarapés da floresta amazônica criam ambientes distintos em relação à quantidade de contraste, resultado da quantidade de areia e argila, que oferece diferentes contrastes contra folhiço submerso. Nós investigamos as diferenças nas taxas de mudança de cor entre populações do tetra-colibri Crenuchus spilurus que representam linhagens que vivem em regiões de diferentes tipos de solo. Populações inseridas em águas pretas (solo arenoso) apresentaram maiores taxas de escurecimento da cor em resposta à exposição ao ambiente escuro de folhiço submerso. Nós propomos que a seleção natural decorrente da predação pode favorecer uma taxa de mudança de cor mais rápida em ambientes onde há maior variabilidade de contrastes entre o folhiço submerso e o solo, o que é comum na maioria dos igarapés de águas pretas.(AU)

Prevalencia de caries temprana de la infancia en el ámbito hospitalario de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Prevalence of early childhood caries in the hospital scope of the Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires

Introducción: La caries dental es una de las enfermedades infecciosas más comunes que afectan a los niños y la afección bucal más prevalente a nivel mundial. En niños preescolares, la caries dental puede presentarse con distintos niveles de severidad, desde la lesión incipiente de mancha blanca hasta procesos de caries rampantes, denominadas caries temprana de la infancia (CTI). La CTI es considerada un problema de salud pública y se define como la presencia de una o más piezas primarias con lesiones de caries cavitadas o no, perdidas por caries o restauradas en niños menores de 6 años. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia de CTI en niños de hasta 6 años de edad que concurrieron al Hospital de Odontología Infantil Don Benito Quinquela Martín para su atención. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionó una muestra de 223 niños que presentaban dentición temporaria sin erupción de primeros molares permanentes que asistieron al Servicio de Clínica y Orientación entre septiembre de 2017 y abril de 2018. Se realizó la inspección bucal al niño y se determinó el índice ceos y la presencia de CTI según severidad. Resultados: Del total de niños evaluados el 58,7% fue de sexo masculino y el 41,3% de sexo femenino. El promedio de edad fue de 3,48 años (DS 1,25). La prevalencia de CTI fue del 76%. Conclusión: La CTI es un serio problema de salud pública en el ámbito hospitalario y se debe trabajar con las familias para implementar medidas preventivas y de promoción de la salud que logren disminuir la prevalencia de esta enfermedad infecciosa (AU)

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases that affect children and the most prevalent oral affection in the world. In preschool children, dental caries can present with different levels of severity, from the incipient lesion of white spot to processes of rampant caries, called early childhood caries (ECC). ECC is considered a Public Health problem and it is defined as the presence of 1 or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child under the age of 6. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of ECC in children up to 6 years of age who attended the Don Benito Quinquela Martín Children's Dentistry Hospital for their care. Materials and methods: A sample of 223 children who presented temporary dentition without eruption of first permanent molars who attended the Clinical and Guidance Service between September 2017 and April 2018 were selected. The oral inspection was performed on the child and the ceos index and the presence of ECC according to severity was determined. Results: From the total of children evaluated, 58.7% were male and 41.3% were female. The average age was 3.48 years (SD 1.25). The prevalence of ECC was 76%. Conclusion: ECC is a serious public health problem in the hospital environment and we must work with the families to implement preventive and health promotion measures that reduce the prevalence of this infectious disease (AU)

Genomics and epidemiology for gastric adenocarcinomas (GE4GAC): a Brazilian initiative to study gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common type of cancer worldwide with high incidences in Asia, Central, and South American countries. This patchy distribution means that GC studies are neglected by large research centers from developed countries. The need for further understanding of this complex disease, including the local importance of epidemiological factors and the rich ancestral admixture found in Brazil, stimulated the implementation of the GE4GAC project. GE4GAC aims to embrace epidemiological, clinical, molecular and microbiological data from Brazilian controls and patients with malignant and pre-malignant gastric disease. In this letter, we summarize the main goals of the project, including subject and sample accrual and current findings

Antiedematogenic activity of the indole derivative N-salicyloyltryptamine in animal models

ABSTRACT The N-salicyloyltryptamine (NST) is an indole derivative compound analogue to the alkaloid N-benzoyltryptamine. In the present study, the antiedematogenic activity of NST was investigated in animal models. Firstly, the acute toxicity for NST was assessed according to the OECD Guideline no. 423. The potential NST-induced antiedematogenic activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, as well as by dextran-, compound 48/80-, histamine-, serotonin-, capsaicine-, and prostaglandin E2-induced paw edema in mice. The effect of NST on compound 48/80-induced ex vivo mast cell degranulation on mice mesenteric bed was investigated. No death or alteration of behavioral parameters was observed after administration of NST (2000 mg/kg, i.p.) during the observation time of 14 days. The NST (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the carrageenan-induced edema from the 1st to the 5th hour (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001). The edematogenic activity induced by dextran, compound 48/80, histamine, serotonin, capsaicin, and prostaglandin E2 was inhibited by NST (100 mg/kg, i.p.) throughout the observation period (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001). The pretreatment with NST (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, i.p) attenuates the compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001). Thus, the inhibition of both mast cell degranulation and release of endogenous mediators are probably involved in the NST-induced antiedematogenic effect.

Eficacia de un aditivo de levadura en cerdas jóvenes que consumen piensos contaminados con zearalenona / Efficacy of a yeast additive to mitigate the effects of zearalenone-contaminated feed in gilts / Eficácia de um aditivo de levedura para leitoas que consomem ração contaminada por zearalenona

Resumen Antecedentes: Las micotoxinas representan pérdidas económicas significativas para la industria porcina, por lo que los adsorbentes de pared celular de levadura son una alternativa para reducir este problema. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de un aditivo anti-micotoxinas (AAM; Safmannan®) en la prevención de micotoxicosis resultante de la ingesta de zearalenona (ZEA). Métodos: Fueron utilizadas 36 hembras porcinas jóvenes, cuyas dietas incorporaron dos niveles de inclusión del AAM (basado en la pared celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 0 y 0,2%) y tres niveles de inclusión de ZEA (0, 0,25 y 0,6 ppm). El ensayo tuvo una duración total de 21 d, durante los cuales se efectuaron evaluaciones semanales de peso corporal, ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento y el volumen de la vulva. Igualmente, se midieron los pesos relativos de hígado, tracto reproductivo total y el conjunto útero-ovario-vagina. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos comprueban la eficacia del AMA utilizado, toda vez que su suplementación evitó los efectos tóxicos de ZEA y mejoró los índices en órganos reproductivos como el volumen de la vulva, peso relativo del tracto reproductivo y el conjunto útero-ovario-vagina en animales intoxicados. Sin embargo, los efectos anti-micotoxinas fueron fijos para ambos niveles (0,25 y 0,6 ppm) de ZEA. Conclusión: La adición de AAM en las dietas que contienen ZEA demostró ser una alternativa eficiente para reducir los efectos tóxicos de esta micotoxina.

Abstract Background: Mycotoxins are a significant cause of economic losses in swine farming and adsorbents based on yeast cell walls provide an alternative solution to reducing this challenge. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of an antimycotoxin additive (AMA; Safmannan®) for preventing the toxic effects of zearalenone (ZEA). Methods: A total of 36 pre-pubertal gilts were used, whose diets consisted of two different levels of AMA (based on the yeast cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 0 and 0.2%) and three inclusion levels of ZEA (0, 0.25, and 0.6 ppm). The experiment was conducted for a period of 21 d and the following parameters were measured weekly: Live weight, weight gain, feed intake, and vulvar volume. The relative weight of the liver and the entire reproductive tract, including the uterus-ovary-vagina combined were also measured. Results: There was a significant enhancement in the index characteristics of reproductive organs like vulvar volume, weight of the entire reproductive tract and weight of the uterus-ovary-vagina of the intoxicated animals. The antimycotoxin effects were the same, irrespective of the ZEA levels (0.25 and 0.6 ppm). Conclusion: The addition of AMA to diets containing ZEA proved to be an effective alternative for reducing the toxic effects of this mycotoxin.

Resumo Antecedentes: As micotoxinas determinam perdas econômicas importantes para suinocultura e os adsorventes à base de parede celular de leveduras são uma alternativa para reduzir este problema. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de um aditivo anti-micotoxina (AAM; Safmannan®) na prevenção da micotoxicose decorrente da ingestão de zearalenona (ZEA). Métodos: Foram utilizadas 36 leitoas pré-púberes, cujas dietas apresentaram dois níveis de inclusão de AAM (à base de parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 0 e 0,2%) e três níveis de inclusão de ZEA (0, 0,25 e 0,6 ppm). O período experimental teve duração total de 21 d, sendo realizadas avaliações semanais de peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e volume vulvar. Pesos relativos de fígado, trato reprodutivo total e o conjunto útero-ovário-vagina também foram calculados. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos demonstram a eficácia do AAM, pois a sua inclusão demonstrou prevenir os efeitos tóxicos da ZEA, já que os índices em órgãos reprodutivos como volume vulvar, peso relativo do trato reprodutivo total e do conjunto útero-ovário-vagina foram maiores nos animais intoxicados e sem suplementação. Porém, o efeito anti-micotoxina foi fixo, sendo o mesmo para os dois níveis de ZEA (0.25 e 0.6 ppm). Conclusão: A adição do AAM em questão nas dietas contendo ZEA demonstrou ser uma alternativa eficiente para redução dos efeitos tóxicos desta micotoxina.

Effects of bark flour of Passiflora edulis on food intake, body weight and behavioral response of rats

ABSTRACT Effects of treatment with the bark flour of Passiflora edulis Sims, Passifloraceae, were evaluated. Adult male Wistar rats were treated for 30 days (130 mg/kg, p.o.) with the albedo flour, flavedo and full bark of P. edulis, corresponding to albedo associated with flavedo. Behavioral response observed after treatment with bark flour P. edulis showed sedative effects by the reduction of exploratory activity and increased duration of immobility in the open field test for the group of animals that received the albedo flour associated with the flavedo. Sedative effects were observed in the absence of motor incoordination or muscle relaxation. Food intake of experimental animals was not changed, but the weight gain was decreased both in animals that received only albedo flour, and in those who received the full bark flour. The full bark flour of Passiflora showed sedative effects, without anxiolytic effect detectable and muscle relaxation or motor incoordination, and reduces body weight gain.

Effects of a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component on the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Background Sarcopenic obesity is associated with disability in older people, especially in women. Resistance exercises are recommended for this population, but their efficacy is not clear. Objective To evaluate the effects of a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component on the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity. Method Twenty-eight women 65 to 80 years old, with a body mass index ≥30kg/m2 and handgrip strength ≤21kg were randomly allocated to two groups. The experimental group underwent a 10-week resistance exercise program designed to improve strength, power, and endurance of lower-limb muscles, with open chain and closed chain exercises. The control group had their health status monitored through telephone calls. The primary outcomes were lower limb muscle performance measured by knee extensor strength, power and fatigue by isokinetic dynamometry, and mobility measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery and by gait velocity. The secondary outcome was health-related quality of life assessed by the SF-36 Questionnaire. Results The average rate of adherence was 85%, with few mild adverse effects. There were no significant between-group differences for any of the outcomes. Conclusion In this study, a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component was not effective for improving the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity.

Is semantic verbal fluency impairment explained by executive function deficits in schizophrenia?

Objective: To investigate if verbal fluency impairment in schizophrenia reflects executive function deficits or results from degraded semantic store or inefficient search and retrieval strategies. Method: Two groups were compared: 141 individuals with schizophrenia and 119 healthy age and education-matched controls. Both groups performed semantic and phonetic verbal fluency tasks. Performance was evaluated using three scores, based on 1) number of words generated; 2) number of clustered/related words; and 3) switching score. A fourth performance score based on the number of clusters was also measured. Results: SZ individuals produced fewer words than controls. After controlling for the total number of words produced, a difference was observed between the groups in the number of cluster-related words generated in the semantic task. In both groups, the number of words generated in the semantic task was higher than that generated in the phonemic task, although a significant group vs. fluency type interaction showed that subjects with schizophrenia had disproportionate semantic fluency impairment. Working memory was positively associated with increased production of words within clusters and inversely correlated with switching. Conclusion: Semantic fluency impairment may be attributed to an inability (resulting from reduced cognitive control) to distinguish target signal from competing noise and to maintain cues for production of memory probes.